Our planet is covered with pockmarks so deep that they can be seen from space. Some of them were caused by the asteroid, but most of them are the result of human intervention. Below are some of the most incredible examples of scars Earth:
1. Kimberlite pipe "Mir", Russia
Quarry "The World", located in Mirny, Eastern Siberia, Russia - a huge hole left behind by the former here once quarry diamonds. Now the quarry is closed. Its depth is 525 meters (it is the fourth deep quarry in the world), the diameter is 1,200 meters. This is the second largest excavated hole in the world, after the pit Bingham Canyon (Bingham Canyon Mine).
The airspace above the quarry closed for helicopters because of incidents in which they were sucked down the downflow.
Quarry "Peace" was the first and largest diamond mine in the Soviet Union. Its development lasted 44 years, until finally, a quarry was closed in June 2001. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, the quarry was taken over by the Sakha diamond company, according to reports that annual profits from diamond sales exceeded $ 600 million.
2. Crater Gosses Bluff (Gosses Bluff Crater), Australia
It is believed that Gosses Bluff is the eroded remnant of an impact crater. It is located in the southern part of the Northern Territory, near the center of Australia, about 175 kilometers west of Alice Springs (Alice Springs) and 212 km north-east of Uluru (Uluru) Ayers Rock (Ayers Rock). He was named by Ernest Giles (Ernest Giles) in 1872 in honor of Henry - brother of Australian explorer William Gosse (William Gosse), who was a member of the expedition of William.
It is estimated that the diameter of the original crater was about 22 kilometers, but over time it has been blurred. Remaining recess 5 kilometers in diameter and a height of 180 meters, is now considered a remnant of the original crater, the center of which stood up over time.
Impact origin of this topographic feature was first proposed in the 1960s, the most convincing evidence to support this theory have been numerous cones, which appeared due to the cracking of the original walls of the crater. In the past, the crater were prospecting for oil, so near its center are two abandoned exploration wells.
3. Diamond mine Dyavik (Diavik Diamond Mine), Canada
Diamond mine Dyavik this diamond mine, located in the North Slave region (North Slave Region) of the Northwest Territories (Northwest Territories), Canada, approximately 300 kilometers north of the city of Yellowknife (Yellowknife). It has become an important part of the regional economy, employing 700 people, the annual revenues in the range of $ 100 million. The mine produces about 7.5 million carats (1,500 kg) of diamonds per year.
In this field study was conducted in 1992, and in 2001 construction began. Mine started to bring the diamonds from January 2003. It is related to the ice road to the airport in the Diavik having 1,596-meter runway of gravel, which regularly travel by jet aircraft such as "737".
Mine is co-owned "by Gary Winston Diamond Corporation» (Harry Winston Diamond Corporation) and "Diamond Mine Dyavika» (Diavik Diamond Mines), a subsidiary of «Rio Tinto Group». Life of the mine is expected to be between 16 to 22 years. It is located about 220 kilometers south of the Arctic Circle.
4. Meteor Crater (Meteor Crater), United States
Meteor Crater is a meteorite impact crater, located about 69 kilometers east of Flagstaff (Flagstaff), near Winslow (Winslow) in the northern Arizona desert of the United States. Because the U.S. Department of Geographic Names (United States Board on Geographic Names) usually assigns the names of geographical features derived from the nearest post office, this crater is called "Meteor Crater" from the nearest post office, called «Meteor» .
The diameter of the crater is about 1200 meters, depth - 170 meters, and it is surrounded by edges, towering at 45 meters above the surrounding plain. Center of the crater is filled with 210-240 meters of rubble, which lies on a bed of basic rocks of the crater. One of the interesting features of the crater is its square outline, which is believed to be caused by existing regional slot (cracked), formed in the layers of rock on the point of impact.
The crater is privately owned by a family Berringer (Barringer) and their companies' Berringer Crater »(Barringer Crater Company), which states that it is" the most well-preserved meteorite crater on Earth ».
5. Kimberlite pipe "Big Hole» (Kimberley Big Hole), South Africa
In the city of Kimberley (Kimberley) is an international corporation De Beers (De Beers Consolidated Diamond Mines), which owns one of the richest diamond mines in the world. Kimberly and to this day is considered the capital of the world diamond industry. When the height of the diamond rush in the late 19th century, namely in 1871, on a small hill called Kolsberg Coppi (Colesberg Koppie) diamond was found, the founders of the company started to conduct excavations there.
After just a few months after the start of the excavation, in this place desperately excavated more than 30,000 people, searching for diamonds in an area of 300 by 200 meters
They quickly disposed of the hill and soon plunged into the ground to a depth of 1,100 meters, to create what became known simply as the "Big Hole".
Was removed 28 million tons of mud and found 14 500 000 carats, and resulted in the biggest hole in the world and make human hand. Here was found the famous and gorgeous diamond called the "Star of Africa» (Star of Africa), weighing 83.5 carats.
6. Crater Pingalyui (Pingualuit Crater), Canada
Crater Pingalyui (translated from Inuktitut means "where the land rises") is located on the Ungava Peninsula (Ungava Peninsula), Quebec, Canada. The diameter of the crater is 3.44 kilometers. The crater is well outlined in the soil and rises 160 meters above the surrounding tundra, and its depth reaches 400 meters.
In the crater lake is Pingalyui a depth of 267 meters, it is considered one of the deepest lakes in North America. The lake is also a repository of some of the cleanest fresh water in the world. In the lake there are no open inflows or outflows, so the water is stored solely due to rain and snow, and disappeared from the lake only through evaporation. In terms of transparency, it is one of the most transparent lakes in the world, and Secchi disk is visible in it at a depth of over 35 meters.
7. Crater Tsvayng (Tswaing Crater), South Africa
Tsvayng this crater, located in the Republic of South Africa. The diameter of this astrobleme is 1.13 kilometers and a depth of 100 meters. The meteorite that formed it, believed to have been chondrite or stony meteorite with a diameter of 30 to 50 meters, and at the moment of collision with the Earth, he vanished
Zweig Title translates as "place of salt" with the Tswana language, and the crater was formerly called in English: Crater "Salt plateau Pretoria» (Pretoria Saltpan), and in Afrikaans: Crater "salt pan» (Soutpankrater). Water comes into the crater from surface water sources, groundwater and rainwater, and is rich in dissolved carbonates, chlorides and sodium.
Cape in the lake, which is located at the bottom of the crater
Between 1200 and 1800, and the Basotho people of Tswana salt collected by filtration and digestion. In the period from 1912 to 1956, the salt is pumped out of the crater from the date of the company «SA Alkali Ltd» in order to get out of her soda and salt. Currently crater Tsvayng is the preliminary list for consideration as a World Heritage Site.
8. Wolfe Creek Crater (Wolfe Creek Crater), Australia
Wolfe Creek Crater is a well-preserved meteorite crater (astrobleme), located in Western Australia. It can be reached by riding 150 kilometers south of the town of Halls Creek (Halls Creek) on the Tanami Road (Tanami Road). The crater is located right in the heart of the National Park Wolf Creek (Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater National Park)
The average diameter of the crater is 875 meters, and rise above the bottom edge of the crater 60 meters. According to scientists, the mass of the meteorite, leaving behind a crater that was approximately 50,000 tons. In the immediate vicinity of the crater were found small iron meteorites, as well as larger meteorites, known as "shale balls", round objects, consisting of iron oxide, the weight of some of them up to 250 kilograms.
The world of science has learned about the crater after it noticed during the research of aerial photography in 1947, two months later he studied at the ground, and in 1949 reported it to the publication. European name of the crater has received from its neighboring stream, which in turn was named after Robert Wolfe (early reports in his printed name misspelled as «Wolf Creek»), a geologist and a warehouse manager during the gold rush that raged in the city Halls Creek.
9. Grasberg open pit (Grasberg Mine), Indonesia
Grasberg is the largest open pit gold mine and the third largest copper mine in the world. It is located in the province of Papua in Indonesia near Puncak Jaya (Puncak Jaya), the highest mountain in Papua, and it employs 19,500 people.
Most of the shares of the deposit, ie 90.64 per cent owned subsidiary of «PT Freeport Indonesia» called «Freeport-McMoRan», which is the main production subsidiary in Indonesia, and the remaining 9.36 per cent of the shares are held by a subsidiary branch of the company «PT Indocopper Investama ».
The quarry operates under an agreement with the Government of Indonesia, which allows the company «Freeport» to conduct research, collect gold and copper in an area of 9995 hectares (Block A). The company is also conducting exploration work on the area of about 202343 acres (Block B). In 2006 it was produced 610,800 tons of copper, 58,474,392 grams of gold and 174,458,971 grams of silver.
10. Ekati diamond mine (Ekati Diamond Mine), Canada
Ekati diamond mine is the first surface and underground diamond mine in Canada. It is located 310 kilometers northeast of Yellowknife, in the Northwest Territories, and about 200 kilometers south of the Arctic Circle, near the Lac de Gras (Lac de Gras).
Ekati is a joint venture, the main share (80 per cent) owned by «Dominion Diamond Corporation», and 20 percent have two geologists who discovered kimberlite pipes north of Lac de Gras, Chuck Fipke (Chuck Fipke) and Stewart Blusson ( Stewart Blusson) (10 percent stake).
Between 1998 and 2009, the six quarries mine produced 40 million carats (8,000 kg) of diamonds. Based on the fact that I lived with quality ore at the surface depleted, it was decided to conduct further underground mining.
11. Quarry Bingham Canyon (Bingham Canyon Mine), United States
View from space on pit Bingham Canyon
Quarry Bingham Canyon, also known as the Kennecott Copper Mine (Kennecott Copper Mine), is an open place of extraction of large porphyry copper deposits. It is located southwest of Salt Lake City (Salt Lake City), Utah, USA, in the mountains Okirrh (Oquirrh Mountains). The mine is owned by «Rio Tinto Group», an international mining and exploration company headquartered in the UK*
Copper mining in the quarry Bingham Canyon is now «Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation», which manages the pit where the processing plant, smelters and refineries. The quarry is developed since 1906, and copper mining has led to the formation of a hole depth of 970 meters, a width of 4 kilometers, which covers 770 hectares. In 1966, his career was promoted to National Historic Landmark called Copper Mine Bingham Canyon open.
April 10, 2013, at 9:30 pm at the mine landslide occurred. Mining was discontinued because of the possibility before the landslide. According to estimates massive landslide reduce the number of mined copper by 113 thousand tons.
12. Quarry 'Super Pit »(Super Pit), Australia
Fimiston open pit (Fimiston Open Pit), also known as the 'Super Pit', is the largest open gold mine in Australia. "Super Pit" is located off Highway Goldfields (Goldfields Highway) to the south-east edge of Kalgoorlie (Kalgoorlie), Western Australia
The quarry pit is oblong in shape, and its length is about 3.5 km, width 1.5 km, and the depth of 570 meters. With these dimensions, not surprisingly, that it is large enough that it could be seen from space.
"Super JAM" is in possession of company Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines Pty Ltd, kotoraâ in Svou queue is flat sovladenii "Barrick Gold Corporation" and "Newmont Mining Corporation." Quarry gives 28 tons of gold in the year and on it rabotaut about 550 people.
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